CO129-232 - Acting Governor Marsh Acting Governor Cameron - 1887 [4-5] — Page 309

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THE SANITARY RECORD.

(F) Power of Entry-Under sect, res, Public Health Act, 1975, the local authority or any of its officers have power of entry to any premises to examine for nuisances, enforcing the smoke prevention provisions, or examine as to recurring naivances.

To enter upon land (sect, 10s. Public Health Act, 1875) for the purposes of making plans, surveying, measuring, levelling, keeping in repair or examining works, ascertain the course of sewers or drains, or ascertaining or fxing boundaries and many other purposes,--- Sext. 105.

Question 3.- What are the chief principles to be observed in the sewerage of a town or district, and how would you proceed to deter inine the size and capacity of the outfall sewer? What size of sewer would you prepose for a town of 25,000 population where the gradient is in 300? Jilustrate your answer by sketches.

Anster-Geographical configuration, annual average rainfall. amber of present population and prospective increase, taking the Whether a fuil water-closet town, or if to be last census as a basis. sewered on the separate system: the nature of the outfall with a view to gravitation or inechanical lifting, and other minor causes.

The size of the outfall sower, in my opinion, should be not less than a fett 3 inches by fout 6 inches, discharging 185 cubic feet per minute, thus allowing the sewage at a cubic feet per head per day to but doubie be discharged in eight hours. On the separate system

this capacity for a full water closet town, and to allow for heavy rain- falls, say feet by 4 feet 6 inches, if rain or surface wares is to be included, discharging 267 cubic feet per minute, with the joclination given of in 300.

Question 4-Write a specification for laying stoneware pipe sewers. Answer. Being the specification for a pipe sewer, I assume that any local surveyor would be equal to this, and as it would take up a very considerable space in the SANITARY RECORD, without a cotre- sponding benefit to surveyors generally, I omit to take up the space, the general features of such a specification being that the pipes shall be straight, sound, and rue to bere, well and truly laid, and jointed in a perfectly water-tight manner; the earth excavated at the collars so that the body of the pipe may have a true bearing along its whole length. If in faulty ground concreted all around and on top to ex- clude uneven pressure; if on good ground, then the earth put in în 6-inch layers, well rammed in around and above to avoid sinkage. All laid in straight lines from manhole to raanhole, with provision for ventilation and lighting, so that a lamp inserted at a lamphole may be seen and show a light to an adjacent manhole, thus at once showing where any stoppage existed.

Question 5.-Supposing a sewer to have a gradient of in 300, how much would the velocity and discharge bo increased by altering the gradient to 1 is ?

Answers in 300 4/ 57132) #7*92 increase of discharge

per second. I in Teo / 1000

10*00) 17*32 (1732 increase of velocity

per second.

1005

7320

2000

3200

3000

2000

22000

Question 6.-Give a description of the process termed intermittent downward filtration State what area of land you would require with a gravelly scil for applying this method of purifying sewage to a rown with a population of 20,000 inhabitants; and state the arrange- ments you would adop: for dealing with the rain water failing on the roofs, yards, and streets.

Anster.Interaittent downward filtration may be termed a natural systera of purification of sewage by means of the filtering and a rating action of the soii: it is carried on by discharging (with or without previous precipitation) upon a properly prepared area, the sewage of the town under drainage. This sewage is conducted upon the prepared area by a series of carriers, and then allowed to filter through the land into drains laid about 6 feet under ground, from whence it (as an effect) is conducied to its outfall, mostly a river. The action upon the sewage is threefold-viz., evaporation, aëration, and filtration, and if properly conducted should give an effluent of a very high standard. As to the amount of land requisite for the puri- lication of the sewage of a town of 20,000 population, authorities differ, but taking the daily amount of sewage per head at se gallous, and the average of five persons to each house equal to 250 gallons per house per day, then the fact that this quantity must be got rid of in about eight hours, it would not be safe to reckon less than 1,000 gallons per house. Then taking 4,000 houses, there would be 4,000,000 gallons of wage to deal with, which could be successfully treated on 5 acres of such land; but it would, of course, require that a very far larger amount should be provided, as no laud could be expected to be constantly under treatment, and the least argout should be five Lives this quantity, so as to have only one-fifth under treatment. Great diversity of opinion exists upon this subject, and no very hard auri fast line can be drawn. Each case must rest upon individual merits and local circumstances. With regard to dealing with rain-water from roofs, most of it should nndonbredly be stored for domestic use, ns it is far too valuable to be uselessly wasted. Drainage from yards and reads should be conducted in separate channels (from the sower

[DEC. 15, 1886,

proper) to a natural outfall: although often la storms the washings from roads may be nearly as bad as sewage; but, on the other hand, if the surface-water were admitted, the sewers would have to be greatly increased in size to provide for excessive rainfall.

Question 7.--Describe and illustrate by sketches the essential points to be observed in carrying out a system of house drainage, and the best menus of providing urinal and closet accommodation for schools, workhouses, and similar institutions.

Question 8.-In arranging the water supply for a manufacturing town of 30,000 inhabitants, state what you consider of importasov as ras(4) Sources of supply; (8) Quantity required; (C) Distri bution.

Answer-4) The geographical situation of the town, as to the possibility of gravitation from rivers or otherwise; the geological situation of its surroundings. with a view to its probability of affording a sufficiency of supply and its nature as to hardness, &c.: the annual average annual rainfall: what water rights, if any, ex- isted; the present population and prospective rate of increase, and whether the town was a foll w.. one or otherwise. (B) Twenty-five to thirty gallons per head population. (C) Under pressure that all cisterns bad hall-cocks and tell-tale overllows; that Deacon's waste- water preventers were in use; that a thorough system of inspection existed to detect waste that the mains were well laid and efficiently jointed, and that a sufficiency existed for immediato use in case of fire. In the constant service system there is very little, if any, waste the returns from many towns showing none; but in the inter mittent there is often a large amount of waste through neglect of the inhabitants and defective fittings. The screw-down tap somewhat modifies this, but it is a very slow and unsatisfactory way of drawing

water.

Question 9.--Describe the general characters of the waters derived froin-(z) The chalk; (2) the new red sandstone: (c) the carboniferous formations; aad the methods by which water should be obtained from each.

Answer() Water derived from the chalk formation, although generally pure and plentiful (except in long seasons of drought),"is often very hard, leaving injarious effects on some constitutions. () Water derived from the new red sandstone formation is sometimes of a rather hard description, but not to the degree of that yielded by (c) The carboniferons (or coal measure) the chalk formation. formations always yields soft water of undoubted purity, and gene rally in ample volume for all purposes.

Question 10. In what ways is water able to be polluted after collection, during its distribution to houses, and in houses? What means would you adopt to prevent such poliution?

Answer-Water may become polluted after collection by fungoid growths and atmospheric influences (where exposed to such): during distribution, from imperfect pipes and joints allowing sewer or other gas to enter the mains; in houses, by improper fittings, such as a Cistern in direct communication with the drain, or so placed as to he difhcult of cleansing, and frequently not ventilated, and other inizer

causes.

Question 11. What fitlings. and plumber's work geserally are required for a high-pressure constant water service? How wooki Describe the kinds of you make the connection with the main? joints which should be used on the branches?

Answer. The class of fittings required for the high-pressure con stant service are iron tabular services with iron angle or T-picoss either tinned er galvanised. Where lead must be used the joints should be what is known as plumber's or wiped joints, the taps being those known as the high-pressure screw-down service taps, the com nection with the main being,by a ferrule plumber's joints on branches, unless ito unions are used.

Question 12.-There is great difficulty in obtaining a supply of good water for a country house, and it is therefore necessary to obtais as much water as possible from the roofs, and to use it for drinking and cooking purposes. The total area of the roof of the house and offices is 8,000 square feet, and the average annual rainfall is about 40 inches. Calculate what size the storage tank should be, and give a sketch of it and of its appendages?

Answer-Sue of storage tank, 160,000 gallons.

Question 13.-To what extent does the size of n room affect the quantity of fresh air required for effective ventilation, and what quantity of air would be requireil per hour for a room containing 8,coo cúbic feet, occupied by fifteen people? How would you ven tilate such a room? Illustrate your answer by sketches.

Anster Douglas Gaiton in Car Homes and how to make them Healthy,' quotes: According to theoretical calculations, it would appear that, with an initiai air space of 1,000 cubic feet, occupied by oee individual, it would be necessary to supply 3,000 cubic feet per hour, to maintain the room in a proper condition of humidity. As regards cther impurities, if os per 1,000 of CO, are accepted as the limit of respiratory impurity in a well ventilated air space, in additics to the 4 per 1,coa in normal air, we can calculate out the amount of air necessary for the purpose; aud from this calculation it appears that it requires 3,000 cubic feet per hour to preserve the air-space in

Dec. 15, 1886.]

THE SANITARY RECORD.

the required state of freshness. Thus the theoretical calculatious, based first upon humidity, and secondly on carbonic acid, bring us to similar conclusions in each case." De Chaumont in Parkes Practical Hygiene A certain amount of fresh air has to pass through a given space in a fixed time in order to maintain a certain degree of urity; the amount has been fixed at 3,000 cubic feet for each healthy person in an hour. Thus a space of roo cubic feet must have its air changed thirty times in an hour. If 3,000 fect of air are to be given, while a space of 1,000 cubic feet need only have it changed three Emes in an hour for an equal ventilation, then our problem being 15 persoas in a room of 3,000 cubic feet, would work out thus: -3,00 1545,000 cubic feet of air as requisite. The room being of 8,000 cubic feet capacity would require the air to be changed nearly 511 times in an hour.

COMPETITIONS.

SANITARY INSTITUTE OF GREAT BRITAIN. Ar an Examination, held Nov. 11 and 12, 6a Candidates presented themselves as Local Surveyors and 5g as Inspectors of Nuisances. The questions were set to be answered in writing on Nov. 11. and the Cendidates were examined red roce on Nov. 12. The fastirute's Certificate of Competency to discharge the duties of Local Surveyor was awarded to John Reid Anderson, John F. Curwen, John Willian Metcalf, Charles Chambers Smith; and the Institute's Certificate of Competency to discharge the duties of Inspector of Nuisances was awarded to James Barfoot, John Barron, Daniel Bartley Bostel, G. Stanford Bostel, Harry D. Bowyer, Edmund Bradshaw, Charles E. Brown, Albert Chadderton, David Curistie, William Hatch Clayton, George William Cobham, John F. Elliott. Joha William Hart, Albert Hodges, Wr. Lee Holding Joseph Huxley, Joshua Jamesom, Edgar E, Jury, Richard C 1indop, Arthur Henry Lukes, Charles MacMahon, R. McCulloch, Adam Luke McDonald, William Edwin Newbery, John Henry Öllett, William Parsons, William Robert Pearson, Charles Poole, Cristopher Raimes, George Russeli, Ambrose J. Shore, Charles Chambers Smith, Edwin Smith, Henry Charles Soper, Henry Spadaccini, Alfred William Stone, William Tate, John Tunstall, Samuel Turner, James A. Webb, Charles Turle Wilson, Charles Bruce Wood.

APPOINTMENTS.

MEDICAL OFFICERS OF HEALTH. ANNINGSON, Bushell, M.D.Cantab, has been re-appointed Medical Officer of Health for the Cambridge Urban Sanitary District, 21 £350 for one year, and for the Chesterton Urban Sanitary District, ato for one year. ATKINSON, Francis Edward, I..R.C.P.Lond., M.R.C.S.Eng., has been re-appointed Medical Officer of Health for the Craven Combinert District, comprising the Haworth, Oakworth, Oven- Lope, Silsden, and Skipton Urban Sanitary Districts, and the Keighley, Sexle, and Skipton Rural Sanitary Districts, at Los per annum, for three years.

BARNES, George, L.R.C.P.Edin., M.R.C.S.Eng., L.S.A.Lond., has been re-appointed Medical Officer of Health for the Chard Uzan Sanitary District, at £ro for one year. BLANISTON, Aubrey, L.R.C.P.Edin., L.R.C.S. Edin., has been appointed Medical Officer of Health for the Wareham Urban Sanitary District, at £10 per annum.

CLARK, William Wake, M.h. Univ. Edin.. M.R.C.S.Eng. L.S.A. Lond., has been appointed Medical Officer of Health for the Higham-Ferrers newly formed Urban Sanitary District, at 415

per annum.

GREATREX, Adolphus Barnell, M.D.Univ. St.And., M.R.C.S.Eng., and M., L.S.A. Lond., has been appointert Medical Officer of Health for the Kidsgrove Urban Sanitary District, at the rate of £eo per annum, until March 25 next, zice Brigham, resigned. HODGSON, Isaac Clark, M.B., C.M.Univ.Glasg., has been re-ap- pointed Medical Officer of Health for the Workington Port Sanitary District, at 65 for one year.

MEREDITH, John, M.D.Univ. Edin., L.R.C.S.Edin., has been re- appointed Medical Officer of Health for the Wellington (Som.) Urban Sanitary District, at 60 per annum, for three years. PATTERSON, George Henry, I.R.C.P.Lond., M.R.C.S.Eng.,

L.S. A. Lond., has been re-appointed Medical Officer of Health for the Dalton-in-Furness Urban Sanitary District, at £so for the year ending Dec. 25, 1887.

RAWSON, Edwin Elsworth, L.K.C.P.Edin. and I. M., M.R.C.S. Eng. L.S.A.Lond., has been re-appointed Medical Officer of Health for the Thornton Urban Sanitary District, Yorkshire, at L27 for one year.

REDDING, J. H. Douglas, L.R.C.P.Edin, L.R.C.S. Edin.,, and L.M., L..F.P.S.Glasg, and L.M., has been re-appointed Medical Officer of Health for the Huntingdon Urban Sanitary Elistrict, at 24 for one year.

SHEA, Jolin, PA. Univ. Lond., M.D. Univ. St.And., M.R.C.S. Eng. L.S.A.Lond., has been re-appointed Medical Officer of Health for the combined Reading and Wokingham Rural and Urban Sanitary Districts, at £385 per annum, from Dec. 25, 1886. TABOR, Charles James, M.B.Univ. Durh., has been appointed Medical Officer of Health for the jogaa Division of the Redruth

297

Rural Sanitary District, at 418 per annum., vice Reed, deceased.

TORNER, Frederick, M.R.C.S. Eng., L.S.A.Lond., has been re-ap- pointed Medical Officer of Health for the Buxton Urban Sanitary District, at 40 for one year,

SURVEYORS, CLERKS TO GUARDIANS, INSPECTORS OF NUISANCES, &c.

year.

ARCHIBALD, Mr. G. T., has been re-appointed Inspector of Nuis. ences for the Workington Port Sanhary District, at £s for ene ARNFIELD, Mc. Edwin, has been elected a Member of the New

Mills Local Board and Urban Sanitary Authority, vice Stafford, deceased.

BATS, Mr. Alived Goodwin, has been appointed Collector to the Town Council and Urban Sankary Authority of Reigate, at £150 per annum, vice Apted, resigned."

BEAUMONT, Mr. J. M.. bas been elected a Member of the Elland Local Board and Urban Sanitary Authority, nice Crowther, sesigued. BOLLAM, Mr. Frederick, has been appointed Inspector of Nuisances for the Wareham Urban Sanitary District, at £ro per annui. CLAYTON, Mr. William, has been re-appointed Inspector of Nuis- ances for the Southowram Urban Sanitary District, at £10 for

Que year.

COLE, dr. Arthur Henry, has been appointed an inspector of Naisances for the Leicester Urban Sanitary District, and Inspector of Food, and of Dairies, &c., at £100 per ammum, vice Wand, resigned.

Cox, Mr. James Henry, has been appointed Inspector of Nuisances for the Hailshamn Rural Sanitary District, Sussex, at 481 per annum, vice Martin, deceased.

CROGHAN, Mr. Thomas Andrew, CS.I., has been re-appointed Inspector of Nuisances for the Buxton Urban Sanitary Distries, al & for one year.

FLATER, Mr. George Clavell, Solicitor, has been appointed Town Clerk and Clerk to the Urban Sanitary Authority, Wareham, at £30 per annum.

GORDON, Mr. E, S., has been appointed Inspector of Nuisances for the East Grinstead Urban Sanitary District, at 4a per aneum, vice Brown, resigned.

GREENWOOD, Mr. Joseul, has been re-appointed an Inspector of Nuisances for the Ulverstone Rural Sanitary District, at £15 per annum, and Surveyor at 30 per annum, for three years, from Jan, 3, 187.

GRIFFITHS, Colonel, has been elected a Member of the Broadstaies Local Board and Urian Sanitary Authority, eie Todd, resigned, HART, Mr. Alfred, has been appointed Surveyor, laspector of Nuis ances, and Collector, to the Ashiborne Local Board and Urban Sanitúry Authority, Derbyshire, at 100 per annum, vice Bourne, resigned. HARKOP, Mr. Arthur Jerkins, Local Manager of the Manchester and

Liverpool District Banking Company, has been appointe Treasurer to the newly-formed Cheadle and Gatley Local Board and Urban Sanitary Authority.

HAWKINS, Mr. Richard P. B., Solicitor, bas been appointed Town Clerk and Clerk to the Urban Sanitary Authority of Woodstock. Hones, Mr. George, jun., has been appointed Surveyor and Collector to the Town Council and Urban Sanitary Authority of Wareham, at 30 per annum.

JOHNSON, Mr. Henry, has been appointed Treasurer to the Bingley Local Board and Urban Sanitary Authority, vice Brown, re- signed.

KENDRICK, Mr. James, has been elected a Member of the Tipton Local Board and Urban Sanitary Authority, wie Underhill, resigned.

KINGTON, Mr. Joel, Inspector of Nuisances for the Idle Urban Sanitary District, Yorkshire, has been appointed laspector under the Dairies, &c., Orders of 1885 and 1886, made pursuant to the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Acts of 1878 and 1886. LAUGHTON, Mr. James, has been elected a Member of the Broms- grove Local Board and Urban Sanitary Authority, vice Amphlett, decesel.

Lucy, Mr. Charles Frederick, Local Manager of the York Union Banking Co., has been appointed Treasurer to the Pickering Guardians and Rural Sanitary Authority, Yorkshine, rice Clark son, resigned. MARSH, Mr. Samuel, has been elected a Meniber of the Bampton Local Board and Urban Sanitary Authority, vice Dart, resigned. MATTHEWS, Mr. George Somers, the Surveyor and Inspector of Nuisances to the Dorking Local Board and Urban Sanitary Authority, has been appointed Inspector under the Dairies and Covered Sheds Orders of 1385 and 1826, at £10 for one year. POTTER, Mr. Charles John, has been elected a Member of the Willington-Quay Local Board and Urban Sanitary Authority, vice O'Brien, disqualified by nou-attendance for six inonths. PROCTER, Mr. Thomas, has been re-appointed Inspector of Nuisances for the Dalton-in-Furness Urban Sanitary District, at 665 for the year ending Dec, 25, 1887.

Puose, Mr. John Edwyn, has been re-appointed Inspector of Nuisances for the Ludlow Urban Sanitary District, at £25 for

one year.

RUBBRA, Mr. W. A., Manager of the Wellingborough and Higham- Ferrers Branch of the Northamptonshire Union Bauk, has been appointed Treasurer to the newly chartered Town Council and Urban Sanitary Authority of Higham-Ferrers,

SALTHONE, Mr. John, has beeare-appointed an Inspector of Nuisances for the Ulversione Rural Sanitary District, at Los per aunum, for three years, from Jan. 1, 1687.